The Remediation in Enzyme's Activities in Plants: Tea Waste as a Modifier to Improve the Efficiency of Growth of Helianthus annuus in Contaminated Soil.

The remediation in plant enzymatic activities in Cd-contaminated soil was monitored through tea waste. Tea is an extensively used beverage worldwide with the release of a high quantity of tea waste utilized in the growing condition of Helianthus annuus on Cd metal contaminated soil. The study was a plan for the natural environmental condition in the greenhouse. For this purpose, four sets of plants were cultivated in triplicate and marked as (i) control, (ii) Cd stress plants, (iii) dry tea waste and Cd stress, and (iv) fresh tea waste and Cd stress. The improved efficiency of biochemical reactions in plants under Cd stress with tea waste treatment was the consequence of blocking Cd movement in the soil through adsorption on tea waste, showing that the tea waste effectively controls the mobility of Cd from the soil to the roots of the plants. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) validates the recovery of the leaves of the plants. The remediation of plant growth and enzyme activities such as amylase, peroxidase, nitrate reductase (NR), and nitrite reductase (NiR) under Cd metal-contaminated soil through tea waste was investigated. The source of tea waste in contaminated soil resulted in the recovery of the photosynthetic process and an improvement in amylase, NR, NiR, and peroxidase activities, thereby resulting in the recovery of pigments coupled with an increase in the biomass of the plants. It was suggested that tea waste acts as a good biosorbent of Cd and energy provider to the plants for normal enzyme activity under Cd stress and may be used by farmers in the future for safe and healthy crops as a cost-effective technology.

The Investigation of the Impact of Toxicity of Metals on Oxygen-Evolving Complex in Spinacia oleracea.

The current article reported the investigation of metal toxicity on the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in Spinacia oleracea related to depletion in chloride ion concentration, an essential part of the photosystem (II). The greenhouse experiment was conducted where S. oleracea was cultivated in three replicates with control plants (plants "a") treated with tap water. Moreover, 30 ppm of Cu2+ ion solution and Pb2+ ion solution was used to irrigate the rest of the plants, labeled as plants "b" and "c", respectively, on alternative days. Advanced technologies such as Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-visible Spectrophotometry were used to monitor the essential nutrients in leaves to validate the function of the photosystem (I and II). Reduced Cl- ions contents showed that both metals (Cu2+ and Pb2+) altered the essential elements of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem (II), required to maintain the coordination structure of the Mn4CaO5 cluster. SEM analysis revealed the modified leaf structure of the S. oleracea under Cu2+ and Pb2+ accumulation due to which distorted cellular structure, reduced surface area, and the (shattered) stomatal opening compared to the plants "a" were observed. The EDS analysis of plants "b" and "c" showed high oxygen contents followed by reduced chloride contents over plants "a", reflecting the infirmity of OEC to push out oxygen, which leads to generating oxidative stress. The lower pigment concentration in leaves of metal-contaminated plants "b" and "c" impacts carbon assimilation, which is linked to the reduced stomatal opening and influences the gaseous exchange rates. Additionally, increased contents of K+ and Ca2+ may be due to self-defense mechanisms under low chloride contents to speed up oxygen evolution to protect plants against oxidative stress. It was concluded that Cu2+ and Pb2+ metal toxicity influences essential Cl- and K+ contents, which modify the photosystem II system; subsequently, a reduced growth rate was observed.

Natural and commercial antibiotic comparison with drugs modeling cell integrity cell stability of Bio-Kinetics changes under morphological topographies cells with lower toxicological characteristics for multidrug resistances problem.

Antibacterial drug-resistant strains are a serious problem of bacterial treatments nowadays and have a concern. The plant exacts of Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera are well-known for their role as antibiotic agents. The extraction of novel antibiotic compounds was done by HPLC-DAD, their yield is quantified by numerous solvents. The complete biological activity with antioxidants, bio-kinematicof four compounds of B-Sitosteryl linoleate, Myristyl diglucoside, D-Triglucopyranoside, and S- allylcysteine acids were studied. The supercritical fluid extraction techniques were the best strategies for higher yield, accuracy clarity, and inter, intra process of all four compounds. A. vasica and C. procera samples and investigated in six different solvents. D-Triglucopyranoside (13.81 ± 0.48%), Myristyl diglucoside (11.81 ± 0.41%), B- Sitosteryl linoleate (12.81 ± 0.48%), and s-allylcysteine acids (14.81 ± 0.31%) were higher. The design and action of compounds were applied to proper compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling for in-depth design understanding. The morphology and structure of bacterial cells with the extracted compounds upheld the permeability of cell membranes, membrane integrity, and membrane potential and lower the bacterial binding capacity the infectious index was measured in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their alteration process. Plants have well upheld the cellular permeability The toxicity test was performed on both extracted samples with concentrations (1, 0.4, and 0.8%). The areas under plasma half-life of compounds with their solubility, abortion level were higher in four compounds showed the potential of novel antibiotics. The novel medicinal plants used as antibiotics could be the best sources of infection control as a source of future medicines with antibacterial potential solving multidrug issues of bacteria in the world.

The Development of a Green Innovative Bioactive Film for Industrial Application as a New Emerging Technology to Protect the Quality of Fruits.

Today, the most significant challenge encountered by food manufacturers is degradation in the food quality during storage, which is countered by expensive packing, which causes enormous monetary and environmental costs. Edible packaging is a potential alternative for protecting food quality and improving shelf life by delaying microbial growth and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. For the first time, the current article reports the preparation of the new films from Ditriterpenoids and Secomeliacins isolated from Melia azedarach (Dharek) Azadirachta indica plants to protect the quality of fruits. After evaluating these films, their mechanical, specific respirational, coating crystal elongation, elastic, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), film thickness, and nanoindentation test properties are applied to apple fruit for several storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 days. The fruits were evaluated for postharvest quality by screening several essential phytochemical, physiological responses under film coating and storage conditions. It was observed that prepared films were highly active during storage periods. Coated fruits showed improved quality due to the protection of the film, which lowered the transmission rate and enhanced the diffusion rate, followed by an increase in the shelf life. The coating crystals were higher in Film-5 and lower activity in untreated films. It was observed that the application of films through dipping was a simple technique at a laboratory scale, whereas extrusion and spraying were preferred on a commercial scale. The phytochemicals screening of treated fruits during the storage period showed that a maximum of eight important bioactive compounds were present in fruits after the treatment of films. It was resolved that new active films (1-5) were helpful in the effective maintenance of fruit quality and all essential compounds during storage periods. It was concluded that these films could be helpful for fruits growers and the processing industry to maintain fruit quality during the storage period as a new emerging technology.

Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera as a resource of novel chemical compounds, their biological bioluminescence assay, and investigation of morphological features of bacterial growth through advanced technologies.

This article reports the three principal groups of compounds for the first time from Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera plants species using nuclear magnetic resonance methods in which aliphatic, oxy heterocyclic, and tannins compounds were detected from these plants. The leaves of both species were subjected to testing tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activities. ATP bioluminescence use for indirect measurement of the amount of organic residue on the surface of the leaves that provide support to microbial growth. The distinguishing characteristics and intraoperative findings of bacterial diseases involved in treatments were conducted against the positive and negative microbial strains using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The methanolic extracts of leaves of both species were applied to bacterial strains through broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhabitation concentrations (MICs) for both species. It was concluded that both plants are a rich resource of bioactive compounds. Their extract may also be used to treat various bacterial diseases and in drug manufacturing. HIGHLIGHTS: New chemical compounds of oxy-heterocyclic, aliphatic, and tannins derivatives are isolated from herbal plants as a source of various drugs. 1 H NMR spectrum and 13 C NMR spectrum of each new derivate were calculated. NMR-spectral analysis of new compound of chemistry class was studied and further applied in various bacterial strains. Tyrosinase inhibition property of bacteria strains by application of active compounds on these strains. Agar overlay bioassays were used to evaluate intercellular morphological features of strains applied on extracts by electron microscope (SEM). a-Glucosidase inhibition assay determined with antioxidants activity through FRAP assay methods.

REPORT: IR study of degradation of acetaminophen by iron nano-structured catalyst.

Full degradation of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in aqueous solution was investigated at room temperature through heterogeneous iron nano-structured as catalyst in this article. Iron Nano-structured was prepared through simple hydrothermal processes using Iron oxide (Fe2O3) as precursor. The catalytic activity of as prepared Nano-catalyst (NC) was investigated in the degradation of the acetaminophen as an environmental pollutant, commonly called paracetamol, under different operating parameters like pH, dosages of acetaminophen and dose of NC. Remarkable differences in IR spectra were observed after reaction which showed complete degradation of 15 ppm of Acetaminophen using 0.1 g of nano-structured with the recovery of NC followed by its activity four times with full catalytic performance.

REPORT-The preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles through hydrothermal phase transformation and its activity in water chemistry.

The current article presents a simple new route of cost-effective and straight forward synthesis of the anatase structure of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs). The solvent Hydrothermal Phase Transformed (HPT) method adopted for the conversion of bulk precursor of TiO2 powder at Nano scale to get contaminated free photoactive TiO2 NPs. The morphology, crystal phase and surface area characterization of NPs completed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of elements in NPs determined through Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) employed for molecular components and structures. Synthesized NPs showed 3D hexagonal pure anatase phase with size of 68 to 97 nm. The toxicity of TiO2 NPs discovered on the water chemistry using two microbes like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli.) and Acridine Orange (AO) by the dose-dependent manner followed by higher antimicrobial activities and degradation properties at shallow concentration in water respectively. The higher antimicrobial activities of 3D crystal structure related to its highest photo catalytic properties leading to membrane damage of microbes and mineralization of the dye. The recycled photo catalyst TiO2 after 4 cycles retained the degradation efficiency of 75% against AO, subsequently concluded that the method of preparation was effective.

Heterochelates of metals as an effective anti - Urease agents couple with their docking studies.

The current article discusses the activities of several synthesized metal heterochelates in in-vitro as anti-ulcer agents followed by their docking study. For this purpose, two important ligands like 8-hydroxyquinoline and DL-methionine were used in synthesis of heterochelates of metal including Cr (III), Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II). It was observed that these complexes showed excellent urease inhibition activities in which thiourea was the standard having IC50 value 21.6 ± 0.12µM. The Cu (II) complex showed potent inhibitory activity (22.6 ± 0.72 µM) when compared with the standard thiourea (21.6±0.12µM) among the nine synthesized complexes while Mn (II), Fe (III), Cd (II) and Pb (II) also showed better inhibitory activities. The urease inhibitory activities of hetercochelates also tested and validated by docking analysis.

The remediation of drought stress under VAM inoculation through proline chemical transformation action.

This article discussed the enhanced drought tolerance under arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation and normal growth of plants which linked with the activity of photoreceptors. The photoreceptor action in dual symbiosis under drought stress showed not only the high photosynthetic activity but also provide information about the broad range of physiological responses. The pot experiment conducted in a natural environment where drought condition was observed twice a week via regular irrigation with water up to twelve months. Plants analysis showed the high contents of water, hydrogen peroxide, carotenoids, proline, antioxidant enzymes like super dismutase (SOD) and catalase(CAT) in both leaves and roots with a large surface area of leaves over control. The elevated concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.04 ±â€¯0.0 µmol/g) coupled with singlet oxygen species was the main modified molecular mechanism which was operative in drought condition. The accretion of proline under drought stress in dual symbiosis (32.3 ±â€¯0.3 µg/mL) was related to the highest branching pattern of young leaves and the chemical transformation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including H2O2 and 3O2 into useful molecules like water and triplet molecular oxygen. The higher contents of carotenoids (5.0 ±â€¯1.2 mg/g) in drought over control (4.8 ±â€¯1.6 mg/g) and AM plant (4.9 ±â€¯1.2 mg/g) was found to be supportive in the conversion of singlet oxygen into triplet one.

Extraction of diverse polyphenols in relation with storage periods of Citrus paradisi CV. Shamber through HPLC-DAD technique using different solvent.

In this article, Citrus paradisi, (Shamber) an exceptional source of Vitamins A and C and full of nutrients, selected for extraction of diverse polyphenols including dietary flavonoids and essential flavonoids by HPLC-DAD technique using various solvents. These essential targeted compounds also analyze after keeping different storage periods and compare with fresh fruits for better efficacy of these compounds. The highest number of phenolic compounds including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid sinapic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol extracted in methanol solvent leading to the new compounds of tetra-O-methylscutellar and heptamethoxy flavone. The essential flavonoids determined by polyethersulfone filter and insoluble precipitation separated by the dimethyl sulfoxide. The results showed that the methanolic extraction exhibited higher essential flavonoids including nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeritin, and tetra-O-methylscutellarein and heptamethoxy flavone. The RP-HPLC analysis exposed the maximum number of nutritional flavonoids like naringin, hesperidin, total flavones, glycosyl. Moreover, it observed that dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds of stored fruits were unaffected in 30 days of storage periods while minor variations were pragmatic during 60-90 days storage. The investigation revealed that C. paradisi proves to be the valuable resource of different phenolic compounds and flavonoids which are effective against various oxidative stresses in the human body.

Advanced catalytic oxidation process based on a Ti-permanganate (Mn/Ti-H+) reaction for the treatment of dye wastewater.

This article discusses the titanium (Ti)-based permanganate advanced catalytic oxidation process (ACOP) for the possible recovery of thousands of tons of dye wastewater. The heterogeneous catalyst TiO2 in the solid state employed in the liquid phase reaction mixture with dye and potassium permanganate was recovered and reused several times for reproducible results. The kinetics were examined at various operational parameters like the effect of dyes, the effect of oxidants, the amount of catalysts, and the effect of acids, temperature, and various organic and inorganic additives used in the textile industry. The kinetics of advanced oxidation and the mechanism of dye de-coloration and degradation were monitored using the Congo red (CR) dye as a model in an aqueous medium and then applied to other dyes and real dye wastewater samples. The color removal was up to 98%, with the removal efficiency being linear with the dose at a particular time. This method could exhibit the complete color removal of the dye wastewater, leading to mineralization coupled with a change in the oxidation state of Mn from +7 to +2. The method also improved the BOD/COD ratio, followed by an increase in the salinity of the recycled water. This indicated that this method can be used not only for the highly efficient de-colorization of dye wastewater but also as a preliminary step for the utilization of the dye wastewater after its recycling. The newly developed system was proven to be very cost-effective and eco-friendly with low sludge quantity, which contained numerous nitrogenous compounds, and this was validated by FTIR and HPLC analyses; thus, the system may be used in treatment plants for the recovery of wastewater.

Pharmacological studies of Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera as resource of bio-active compounds for various diseases.

Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera species were investigated as a resource for new diverse pharmacological agents including B complex, individual total phenolic compounds and antioxidants for curing and treatments of many infectious diseases in human through advanced analytical methods. These plants are abundant in Khyber Pukhtoon Khawa, Pakistan as well as in all over the world and famous for their unique medicinal importance. These herbaceous species are so far used for animals curing while current exploration of these species showed that these species are a precious resource of various compounds which can be employed in the formation of different drugs. The results showed that the leaf and flower extracts of Adhatoda vasica and leaf extract of Calotropis procera contained higher contents of bioactive compounds. The chemical analysis of the samples resulted in higher values of total phenolic compounds (71.32mg GAE/g), total antioxidants (651% DPPH inhibition), the enzyme catalase (4716µg/g), ash content (16.72%) and pH values in the Calotropis procera, whereas the total carotenoids (1987mg/100g), the enzymes, superoxide dismutase (4566µg/g) and peroxidase (1322µg/g) were higher in leaves of Adhatoda vasica. The flower extract of the Adhatoda vasica was rich in the flavonoids (0.87mg/100g) and organic matter (89.99%) as compared to Calotropis procera. The obtained data for each parameter was interpreted by applying Complete Randomized Design (CRD) along with factorial arrangements. The mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% probability level. The presence of these phytochemicals may lead to the conclusion that these herbal plants have the potential for formation of new drugs and can be used as herbal medicine for treatment of different cancer and viral diseases. These compounds are also useful in the treatment of the tumor.

The insects as an assessment tool of ecotoxicology associated with metal toxic plants.

In this article, the assessment of lethal effects of Copper (Cu) on Luffa acutangula and Spinacia oleracea plants investigated in relation to the presence of insect species Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. The analysis of Cu-treated plants displays the information of rapid growth of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis species in triplicate. However, results showed that the impact of metal toxicity appeared as the reduced growth rate of plants, and dense growth of the insect species Oxycarenus halinipennis followed by the chewing/degradation of the toxic plant. The insect's inductees into polluted plants were justified by morphological and primary molecular level using plant stress hypothesis through analysis of the primary chemistry of leaves and roots. That includes various sugar contents which substantiated that these compounds act as the best feeding stimulant from oviposition to adult stage of the insects and accountable for the enactment of insects in the toxic plants. The relationship of these insects to the toxic plants linked with the higher contents of glucose, carbohydrates, and cellulose. The higher carbohydrate and cellulose content in both plants species under Cu accumulation exhibited more signs of insect mutilation over control plants and the lack of chemical resistances allowed the adult insects to spread, survive, reproduce and live long. The presence of insects developed relationships that assimilate all developmental, biological, and the interactive toxicity of Cu in both plant species which indicate the risk associated with these plants.

New Prospective for Enhancement in Bioenergy Resources Through Fungal Engineering.

BACKGROUND: Lignin and cellulose, organic constituents of the plant or plant-based material not commonly used for feeding purpose are referred as Biomass. Patents suggest that this can be used as the best resource of renewable energy. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi can play an effective role in biomass manufacturing through activated metabolism of the plant under dual symbiosis. During C acclimatization, mycorrhizal inoculated plants existent greater number of leaves with a height of plants as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The current article discloses the search of the natural resources for C assimilation into biomass using mycorrhizal symbiosis. METHODS: The pot experiment was conducted in the natural environment for extraction of more bioenergy through biomass of Conocarpus erectus L under VAM (Glomus fasciculatum) inoculation in various environmental conditions with replicates. RESULTS: It observed that these fungal engineered plants showed distinctive prospective to offer, enhanced biomass to energy couple with a strong network for sinking CO2 from the atmosphere via strong roots and large surface area of leaves. There was an increase in biomass (9-17% respectively) of the plant under drought-VAM, VAM inoculation and VAM- enriched CO2 conditions in same period in comparison to control plants through lignin, cellulose and carbohydrate contents. It was followed by enhanced enzyme activities and nutrient ions in dual symbiosis. CONCLUSION: Coupling biomass-originated energy may recover environmental conditions and commercial value for sustainable growth in energy consumption sector. The green energy from fungal engineered plants may replace high demand of fossil fuel as a young biofuel and make the cities more productive in the fabrication of bioenergy too in the form of biomass or biofuel with C impartial atmosphere.

The monitoring of Cu contaminated water through potato peel charcoal and impact on enzymatic functions of plants.

Enzymes are a biological catalyst, an important protein that accelerates the most biochemical reactions of a plants cell, investigated in this article as a provoked biomarkers under Cu stress. The study was conducted in comparison of (a) Control, (b) Cu stress plants and (c) treated plants in the greenhouse. The treated plants were grown in recycled water, prepared at laboratory scale using potato peel charcoal (PPC) as a sorbent. Weekly monitoring of various enzymes in plants (b) up to three months showed that peroxidase activity enhanced in comparison to control and treated plants, while protease, amylase and, nitrate and nitrite reductase were reduced. The enzymatic disorder under Cu stress reflects the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the failure of the key and um-lock action of enzymes for complex molecules, which plays a critical role in the biochemical reaction of plants to grow. Elevated peroxidase activity in roots and leaves of plant (b) indicated that it aid in minimizing the damages under activated ROS. The observed reduced activities of protease, amylase, nitrate and nitrite reductase presented that redox active metal (Cu) interfere at the molecular level and damages the normal C and N mechanism of development of plants (b) under abiotic stress over control. The ROS conflicts in plants (b) due to high accumulation of Cu was resolved by checking the mobility of Cu on PPC surface from Cu-contaminated wastewater. It appeared as a normal growth rate in plant (c), similar to that of plants grown in tap water (Plants a). The remediation of enzymatic disorder through Surface Science Technology (SST) in plant (c) validated that wastewater can easily manage through sorption of Cu metal on the PPC surface. The decontamination through SST showed that the wastewater could be restored economically which can use in irrigation without harmful impact on plant growth regulatory system.

Remediation of Cu metal-induced accelerated Fenton reaction by potato peels bio-sorbent.

This article has allied exposure to Ecological Particulate Matter (EPM) and its remediation using potato peel surface (PPC) bio-sorbent on two important edible crops Spinacia oleracea and Luffa acutangula. Fenton reaction acceleration was one of the major stress oxidation reactions as a consequence of iron and copper toxicity, which involve in the formation of hydroxyl radical (OH) through EPM. Results showed that the oxidative stress encouraged by Cu in both species that recruits the degradation of photosynthetic pigments, initiating decline in growth, reduced leaf area and degrade proteins. The plants were cultivated in natural environmental condition in three pots with three replicates like (a) control, (b) Cu treated and (c) treated water. Oxidative stress initiated by metal activity in Cu accumulated plant (b) were controlled, through bio-sorption of metal from contaminated water using PPC; arranged at laboratory scale. The acceleration of Fenton reaction was verified in terms of OH radical generation. These radicals were tested in aqueous extract of leaves of three types of plants via benzoic acid. The benzoic acid acts as a scavenger of OH radical due to which the decarboxylation of benzoic acid cured. Observation on (b) showed more rapid decarboxylation as compared to other plants which showed that Cu activity was much higher in (b) as compared to (a) and (c). The rapid decarboxylation of benzoic acid and lower chlorophyll contents in (b) suggest that Fenton reaction system was much enhanced by Cu-O and Fe-O chemistry that was successfully controlled by PPC which results in restoring the metabolic pathway and nullifying oxidative stress in

Glomus fasciculatum Fungi as a Bio-convertor and Bio-activator of Inorganic and Organic P in Dual Symbiosis.

BACKGROUND: Dual symbiosis played an effective role in drought condition and temperature. Furthermore, performed services in absorption of water and solubilization of chief nutrients specially phosphorus for growth of plants. Phosphorous is essential for plant growth in any climatic condition because of central constituent of ATP providing chemical energy for all metabolic reactions of plants. METHOD: The goal of this work was to monitor the growth of plant under three climatic conditions in comparison to control plant under Glomus fasciculatum inoculation related with adequate supply of phosphorous. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that Glomus fasciculatum (VAM) activates the solubilization of P into the anionic form H2PO4(-) which is highly consumable form by the plants. Minerals including P in soil most regularly solubilized for fixing in plants and continuously changed to highly soluble forms by reaction with inorganic or organic constituents of the soil which are activated in the presence of fungi for continuous availability. Experimental facts and nonstop growth of plants recommended that VAM fungi act as a bio-convertor and bio-activator of soil nutrients, especially of P and their hyphal interaction absorbs soil nutrients and activates insoluble P to soluble one for plant development. CONCLUSION: Continuous growth of 18 months old Conocarpus erectus L plant in dual symbiosis supports the proposed idea that phosphorus cycle exists during VAM inoculations, where soil reaction altered in presence of spores that help to solubilize the P which strengthens the plant, activates photo-biological activity and demonstrates the new function of VAM as a recycler for continues growth.

Advanced oxidation of acridine orange by aqueous alkaline iodine.

The advanced oxidation process is certainly used for the dye waste water treatment. In this continuation a new advanced oxidation via aqueous alkaline iodine was developed for the oxidation of acridine orange (AO) {3, 6 -bis (dimethylamino) acridine zinc chloride double salt}. Oxidation Kinetics of AO by alkaline solution of iodine was investigated spectrophotometrically at λmax 491 nm. The reaction was monitored at various operational parameters like several concentrations of dye and iodine, pH, salt electrolyte and temperature. The initial steps of oxidation kinetics followed fractional order reaction with respect to the dye while depend upon the incremental amount of iodine to certain extent whereas maximum oxidation of AO was achieved at high pH. Decline in the reaction rate in the presence of salt electrolyte suggested the presence of oppositely charged species in the rate determining step. Kinetic data revealed that the de-colorization mechanism involves triodate (I3-) species, instead of hypoidate (OI-) and hypiodous acid (HOI), in alkaline medium during the photo-excitation of hydrolyzed AO. Alleviated concentration of alkali result in decreasing of rate of reaction, clearly indicate that the iodine species are active oxidizing species instead of OH radical. Activation parameters at elevated temperatures were determined which revealed that highly solvated state of dye complex existed into solution. Reaction mixture was subjected to UV/Visible and GC mass spectrum analysis that proves the secondary consecutive reaction was operative in rate determining step and finally dye complex end into smaller fragments.

The effective role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in sinking CO2 from atmosphere of mega cities.

An effort was made after detailed literature survey and few experiments, conducted at Laboratory conditions about the VAM fungus inoculated plants; they have large surface area and more photosynthetic rate, can assimilate more CO2, even can grow in drought condition including water deficiency and high temperature. For this purpose, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in which soil manifested with fungi was used and Conocarpus erectus L (common on green belt of Karachi Streets) was selected for testing the fungal engineering. Results demonstrated a well-developed strong roots system and branching pattern of shoots rather than larger surface area of leaves of the fungal engineered plant when compared with non-treated ones. The long root system indicates the stability of plant and water transport system in high temperature and low water conditions. While increased branching pattern of areal part may be directly related to an increase in net photosynthetic rates or increase CO2 absorption in the fungal inoculated plants. This investigation showed an interesting use of VAM services for technology development of root organ culture development in areas of low water availability and high temperature condition with elevated concentration of CO2. A mechanism of absorption of CO2 related with the alteration in plant bio-physical metabolism is discussed in relation with phosphorus uptake under VAM inoculation.

The effective role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in sinking CO2 from atmosphere of mega cities.

An effort was made after detailed literature survey and few experiments, conducted at Laboratory conditions about the VAM fungus inoculated plants, they have large surface area and more photosynthetic rate, can assimilate more CO2, grow even in drought condition including water deficiency and high temperature. For this purpose a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in which soil manifested with fungi was used and Conocarpus erectus L was selected for testing the fungal engineering (common on green belt of Karachi Streets). Results demonstrated a well-developed strong roots system and branching pattern of shoots rather than largest surface area of leaves of the fungal engineered plant when compared with non-treated ones. The long root system indicates the stability of plant and water transport system in high temperature conditions and low water conditions. While increased branching pattern of areal part may be directly related with the increase in net photosynthetic rates or increase CO2 absorption in the fungal inoculated plants. This investigation showed an interesting use of VAM services for technology development for root organ culture development in areas of low water availability and high temperature condition with elevated concentration of CO2. A mechanism of absorption of CO2 related with the alteration in plant physical and bio metabolism has been discussed in relation with phosphorus uptake under VAM inoculation.